Mines are exclusively of Russian origin - OZM-72 Anti Group mines are part of the layout of most minefields in NKR
In addition to landmines, both sides also used tanks, artillery and mortars in offensive operations which has resulted in a widespread Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) problem.
The Azeri forces had significant air capability, which involved the use of cluster munition bombing. Cluster bomblets suffer a high failure rate which results in many partially armed cluster bomblets still requiring clearance today.
Throughout the conflict landmines, cluster munitions and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) were used, and all regions were affected. Many AT and AP mines were used in the areas where fighting occurred contaminating some 30 square kilometres. Most of the contaminated land was previously used for agriculture, namely to grow wheat and grapes. In addition, the area was heavily bombed, mainly by Azeri forces throughout the conflict. The majority of the villages within the traditional borders of Nagorno Karabakh are contaminated with cluster bombs or conventional ERW. Some 180 square kilometres were contaminated by ERWs. Both mines and ERW inhibited access to agricultural land, pasture, safe drinking water and hampered the reoccupation of houses post war. All this has had a profound impact on socio-economic growth and on the day-to-day lives of the local population. Poor living conditions and poverty have pushed people to plough and cultivate areas that they know are dangerous and contain mines; this has led to a large number of accidents. It is believed that Nagorno Karabakh has one of the highest per capita human accident rates in the world.